Understanding the Distinction Between 'Per' and 'By' in English Grammar
In English grammar, the words 'per' and 'by' serve different purposes and can significantly alter the meaning of a sentence. This article aims to clarify the distinction between these two words through examples and explanations, ensuring a deeper understanding of English syntax and grammar rules.
Introduction to 'Per'
'Per' is a preposition that is commonly used to indicate a rate or frequency, especially when discussing prices or salaries. It often denotes the relationship between two units of measurement or counts.
Usage of 'Per'
Example 1: The price of the tickets is 10 per person.
In this sentence, 'per' is used to indicate the cost per individual, meaning each ticket costs 10 units, whether money or another form of payment, for each person.
Example 2: She earns 20 per hour.
Here, 'per' is used to express her hourly wage, indicating that she receives 20 units (usually money) for every working hour.
Introduction to 'By'
'By', on the other hand, is a very versatile preposition used to indicate a means or method.
Usage of 'By'
Example 1: I traveled to the city by train.
'By' is used here to specify the mode of transportation, clarifying that the journey to the city was made by train.
Example 2: The book was written by Jane Austen.
In this context, 'by' indicates the author of the book, signifying that Jane Austen is the creator of the literary work.
Other Uses of 'Per' and 'By'
Both 'per' and 'by' have other uses and can form idiomatic expressions that add depth to the language.
Additional Meanings of 'Per'
A common Latin use of 'per' is to express the ratio of one type of unit to another. For example, 'per cent', which can be written as %, meaning "per hundred". 'Per annum' (from Latin "each year") is used to indicate an annual rate. 'Per capita' (from Latin "by the head") means "each person" or "for each person."
Additional Meanings of 'By'
My dictionary offers 17 different meanings of 'by', showcasing its versatility in the English language. A notable use is "by rail," which is another way to say "by train." Similarly, "par avion" is a French phrase that translates to "by air" in English.
Common Usage Errors Involving 'Per' and 'By'
Although 'per' and 'by' are distinct, they can sometimes be incorrectly interchanged in everyday language. Here are a few examples where one might typically choose the other:
Examples of Misused Phrases
As per our agreement you owe me 5. By our agreement you owe me 5.
Both phrases are correct, but 'as per' is slightly more formal or professional.
The cost is 1 per quart. NOT: The cost is 1 by quart.
'Per' is used to describe the cost per unit, while 'by' is not appropriate here.
I’ll meet you by the pier. Not: I meet you per the pier.
'By' is the correct preposition to indicate the location, while 'per' would not make sense in this context.
By and by I started to like the cat. Not: Per and per I started to like the cat.
This phrase is a poetic expression, while 'per and per' would not fit or make logical sense.
Stand by me. Not: Stand per me.
'By' is the correct preposition to indicate support or backing, while 'per' would be incorrect.
Conclusion
Understanding the nuanced uses of 'per' and 'by' in English grammar is crucial for effective communication. Whether you are discussing costs, methods, or agreements, using the correct preposition can prevent misunderstandings and enhance the clarity of your message.